Histidine decarboxylase
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that produces histamine from histidine with the help of vitamin B6 as follows:[1][2][3]
C6H9N3O2 → C5H9N3 + CO2
In humans, the histidine decarboxylase enzyme is encoded by the HDC gene.[4][5]
The biogenic amine histamine is an important modulator of numerous physiologic processes, including neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion, and smooth muscle tone. The biosynthesis of histamine from histidine is catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. This homodimeric enzyme is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylase and is highly specific for its histidine substrate.[4]
Some mutations in the gene for this enzyme can cause symptoms of Tourette syndrome; however, these mutations have only been observed in one family and are not thought to account for most cases of Tourette syndrome.[6]
In bacteria, it is synthesised as a proenzyme, PI. Cleavage of the proenzyme PI chain yields two subunits, alpha and beta, which arrange as a hexamer, (alpha beta)6, by nonhydrolytic self-catalysis.[7]
References
- ^ Epps HM (1945). "Studies on bacterial amino-acid decarboxylases: 4. l(-)-histidine decarboxylase from Cl. welchii Type A". Biochem. J. 39 (1): 42–6. PMC 1258146. PMID 16747851. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1258146.
- ^ Riley WD, Snell EE (October 1968). "Histidine decarboxylase of Lactobacillus 30a. IV. The presence of covalently bound pyruvate as the prosthetic group". Biochemistry 7 (10): 3520–8. doi:10.1021/bi00850a029. PMID 5681461.
- ^ Rosenthaler J, Guirard BM, Chang GW, Snell EE (July 1965). "Purification and properties of histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 54 (1): 152–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.152. PMC 285813. PMID 5216347. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=285813.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: histidine decarboxylase". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3067.
- ^ Bruneau G, Nguyen VC, Gros F, Bernheim A, Thibault J (November 1992). "Preparation of a rat brain histidine decarboxylase (HDC) cDNA probe by PCR and assignment of the human HDC gene to chromosome 15". Hum. Genet. 90 (3): 235–8. PMID 1487235.
- ^ "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man: histidine decarboxylase". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/142704.
- ^ Coton E, Rollan GC, Lonvaud-Funel A (1998). "Histidine carboxylase of Leuconostoc oenos 9204: purification, kinetic properties, cloning and nucleotide sequence of the hdc gene.". J Appl Microbiol 84 (2): 143–51. PMID 9633629.
Further reading
- Need AC, Keefe RS, Ge D, et al. (2009). "Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic response in the CATIE trial: a candidate gene analysis.". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (7): 946–57. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.264. PMC 2986499. PMID 19156168. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2986499.
- Masini E, Fabbroni V, Giannini L, et al. (2005). "Histamine and histidine decarboxylase up-regulation in colorectal cancer: correlation with tumor stage.". Inflamm. Res. 54 Suppl 1: S80-1. doi:10.1007/s00011-004-0437-3. PMID 15928846.
- Li Z, Liu J, Tang F, et al. (2008). "Expression of non-mast cell histidine decarboxylase in tumor-associated microvessels in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.". APMIS 116 (12): 1034–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01048.x. PMID 19133005.
- Szafranski K, Schindler S, Taudien S, et al. (2007). "Violating the splicing rules: TG dinucleotides function as alternative 3' splice sites in U2-dependent introns.". Genome Biol. 8 (8): R154. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-8-r154. PMC 2374985. PMID 17672918. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2374985.
- Ai W, Liu Y, Langlois M, Wang TC (2004). "Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) represses histidine decarboxylase gene expression through an upstream Sp1 site and downstream gastrin responsive elements.". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (10): 8684–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308278200. PMID 14670968.
- Raychowdhury R, Fleming JV, McLaughlin JT, et al. (2002). "Identification and characterization of a third gastrin response element (GAS-RE3) in the human histidine decarboxylase gene promoter.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297 (5): 1089–95. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02345-8. PMID 12372397.
- Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes.". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1356129.
- Sköldberg F, Portela-Gomes GM, Grimelius L, et al. (2003). "Histidine decarboxylase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, is an autoantigen of gastric enterochromaffin-like cells.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (4): 1445–52. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021761. PMID 12679420.
- Brew O, Lakasing L, Sullivan M. "Differential activity of histidine decarboxylase in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae.". Placenta 28 (5-6): 585–7. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.05.003. PMID 16822545.
- Zhang F, Xiong DH, Wang W, et al. (2006). "HDC gene polymorphisms are associated with age at natural menopause in Caucasian women.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 348 (4): 1378–82. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.008. PMID 16919600.
- Tippens AS, Gruetter CA (2004). "Detection of histidine decarboxylase mRNA in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.". Inflamm. Res. 53 (6): 215–6. doi:10.1007/s00011-004-1252-6. PMID 15167966.
- Siezen CL, Bont L, Hodemaekers HM, et al. (2009). "Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm children is associated with airway remodeling genes and innate immune genes.". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28 (4): 333–5. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31818e2aa9. PMID 19258923.
- Morgan TK, Montgomery K, Mason V, et al. (2006). "Upregulation of histidine decarboxylase expression in superficial cortical nephrons during pregnancy in mice and women.". Kidney Int. 70 (2): 306–14. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001553. PMID 16760908.
- Papadopoulou N, Kalogeromitros D, Staurianeas NG, et al. (2005). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1 and histidine decarboxylase expression in chronic urticaria.". J. Invest. Dermatol. 125 (5): 952–5. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23913.x. PMID 16297195.
- Janssen R, Bont L, Siezen CL, et al. (2007). "Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes.". J. Infect. Dis. 196 (6): 826–34. doi:10.1086/520886. PMID 17703412.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241.
- Aichberger KJ, Mayerhofer M, Vales A, et al. (2006). "The CML-related oncoprotein BCR/ABL induces expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and the synthesis of histamine in leukemic cells.". Blood 108 (10): 3538–47. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-028456. PMID 16849647.
- Lee JK, Kim HT, Cho SM, et al. (2003). "Characterization of 458 single nucleotide polymorphisms of disease candidate genes in the Korean population.". J. Hum. Genet. 48 (5): 213–6. doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0011-9. PMID 12768436.
- Jeong HJ, Moon PD, Kim SJ, et al. (2009). "Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 regulates human histidine decarboxylase expression.". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 (7): 1309–19. doi:10.1007/s00018-009-9001-1. PMID 19266161.
External links
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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| arginine→NO |
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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Agonists: 2-Pyridylethylamine • Betahistine • Histamine • HTMT • UR-AK49
Antagonists: "1st generation": 4-Methyldiphenhydramine • Alimemazine • Antazoline • Azatadine • Bamipine • Benzatropine (Benztropine) • Bepotastine • Bromazine • Brompheniramine • Buclizine • Captodiame • Carbinoxamine • Chlorcyclizine • Chloropyramine • Chlorothen • Chlorphenamine • Chlorphenoxamine • Cinnarizine • Clemastine • Clobenzepam • Clocinizine • Cyclizine • Cyproheptadine • Dacemazine • Deptropine • Dexbrompheniramine • Dexchlorpheniramine • Dimenhydrinate • Dimetindene • Diphenhydramine • Diphenylpyraline • Doxylamine • Embramine • Etybenzatropine (Ethylbenztropine) • Etymemazine • Histapyrrodine • Homochlorcyclizine • Hydroxyethylpromethazine • Hydroxyzine • Isopromethazine • Isothipendyl • Meclozine • Mepyramine (Pyrilamine) • Mequitazine • Methafurylene • Methapyrilene • Methdilazine • Moxastine • Niaprazine • Orphenadrine • Oxatomide • Oxomemazine • Phenindamine • Pheniramine • Phenyltoloxamine • Pimethixene • Piperoxan • Promethazine • Propiomazine • Pyrrobutamine • Talastine • Thenalidine • Thenyldiamine • Thiazinamium • Thonzylamine • Tolpropamine • Tripelennamine • Triprolidine; "2nd generation": Acrivastine • Astemizole • Azelastine • Cetirizine • Clemizole • Clobenztropine • Ebastine • Emedastine • Epinastine • Ketotifen • Latrepirdine • Levocabastine • Loratadine • Mebhydrolin • Mizolastine • Olopatadine • Rupatadine • Setastine • Terfenadine; "3rd generation": Desloratadine • Fexofenadine • Levocetirizine; Miscellaneous: Tricyclic antidepressants ( Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc) • Tetracyclic antidepressants ( Mianserin, Mirtazapine, etc) • Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors ( Trazodone, Nefazodone) • Typical antipsychotics ( Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc) • Atypical antipsychotics ( Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, etc)
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